Origins and Recent History of the Internet
The Internet started as an experiment in the late 1960s by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA, now called DARPA) of the U.S. Department of Defense[]. DARPA experimented with the connection of computer networks by giving grants to multiple universities and private companies to get them involved in the research. In December 1969, an experimental network went online with the connection of a four-node network connected via 56 kbps circuits. The new technology proved to ..
A non-pseudonode is created by IS for propagating information about all other types of links connected to the router that are not broadcast networks, such as point-to-point networks and stub networks. A non-pseudonode LSP carries information about all neighbors, attached prefixes, and metrics of the attached links. NOTE A non-pseudonode could be equated to a router LSA in OSPF. In this case, the IS informs the router about differe..
Managing Distribution of Multicast Traffic with IGMP
Refer to Figure 19-4. Assume that R2 has started receiving multicast traffic from the server. R2 has to make a decision about forwarding this traffic on the Ethernet links. R2 needs to know the answers to the following questions: ■ Is there any host connected to any of my Ethernet links that has shown interest in receiving this traffic? ■ If none of the hosts has shown any interest in receiving this traffic, why should I forward it on the Ethernet links and waste bandw..
This section provides an overview of RSVP and its enhancements to support MPLS-TE applications. In the remainder of this chapter, the directional terms such as downstream, upstream, previous hop, and next hop are defined with respect to the direction of data packet flow. Originally, RSVP was designed as a protocol to install resource reservation states for individual data flows along a destination-based routed path (that is, along an IGP path).[1][2] An RSVP session is defin..
Hundreds of thousands of data applications exist on the Internet, in all shapes and sizes. Some are TCP, others are UDP; some are delay sensitive, others are not; some are bursty in nature, others are steady; some are lightweight, others are bandwidth hogsthe list goes on. Data traffic characteristics vary from one application to another, as illustrated in Figure 2-4, which compares an enterprise resource planning (ERP) application (Oracle) with another (SAP). F..
