Processes of Link-State Protocols
The link-state protocols consist of four processes: Receive process The received information is processed, and then is given to the update process. The receive process does not make decisions—it simply forwards information to the two other processes. Update process Receives information from the receive process, processes the information received from all the neighbors, and creates information about the local router states. The updat..
Two main types of video traffic exist: Interactive-Video (videoconferencing) and Streaming-Video (both unicast and multicast). Each type of video is examined separately. Interactive-Video When provisioning for Interactive-Video (video conferencing) traffic, the following guidelines are recommended: • Interactive-Video traffic should be marked to DSCP AF41; excess videoconferencing traffic can be marked down by a policer to AF42 or AF43. • &..
This pair of router configurations shows how to define a tunnel connecting two serial ports supporting Bisync (BSC or Binary Synchronous Communications) devices: BSTUN-A#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. BSTUN-A(config)#interface Loopback0 BSTUN-A(config-if)#ip address 10.1.16.5 255.255.255.252 BSTUN-A(config-if)#exit BSTUN-A(config)#bstun peer-name 10.1.16.5 BSTUN-A(config)#bstun protocol-group 1 bsc BSTUN-A(config)#interf..
On a multilayer switch, you also can enable Layer 3 functionality for an entire VLAN on the switch. This allows a network address to be assigned to a logical interface—that of the VLAN itself. This is useful when the switch has many ports assigned to a common VLAN, and routing is needed in and out of that VLAN. In Figure 11-2, you can see how an IP address is applied to the switched virtual interface called VLAN 10. Notice that the SVI itself has no physical connection to ..
Preventing Loops with Spanning Tree Protocol
Bridging loops form because parallel switches (or bridges) are unaware of each other. STP was developed to overcome the possibility of bridging loops so that redundant switches and switch paths could be used for their benefits. Basically, the protocol enables switches to become aware of each other so they can negotiate a loop-free path through the network. Note: Because STP is involved in loop detection, many people refer to the catastrophic loops as “spanning-tree lo..
