An Alternative to NAPs: Direct Interconnections
As the Internet continues to grow, the enormous amount of traffic exchanged between large networks is becoming greater than many NAPs can scale to support. Capacity issues at the NAPs often result in data loss and instability. In addition, large private networks and ISPs sometimes are reluctant to rely on seemingly less-interested third party NAP managers to resolve service-affecting issues and provision additional capacity. For these reasons, over the last few years an alter..
Classful Distance-Vector to Classless Distance-Vector Protocol
(IGRP to Enhanced IGRP) In the case of Enhanced IGRP/ IGRP within the same autonomous system, the redistribution is automatic. Enhanced IGRP has two numeric distance values that distinguish between internal and external routes. Any route that has been redistributed into Enhanced IGRP via any other routing domain or routing protocols is considered external and has an administrative distance of 170. Any network within the Enhanced IGRP domain has a distance of 90...
Upstream Versus Downstream QoS
Communication streams in a WLAN environment are over either Ethernet or radio media. Furthermore, the flows occur in either the upstream or downstream direction, as shown in Figure 11-2. Figure 11-2. Ethernet/Radio Upstream/Downstream Flows Ethernet downstream refers to traffic leaving the switch/router traveling to the access point (AP). QoS may be applied at this point to prioritize and rate-limit traffic to the AP. Radio downstream QoS refers to the ..
IS-IS is a link-state interior gateway protocol (IGP) for intradomain routing.[1] The IS-IS protocol was originally designed for routing in an Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) environment. However, with the growing number of networks using IP routing, IS-IS has been enhanced to handle forwarding of IP data packets. The enhanced IS-IS protocol is known as Integrated IS-IS.[2] The main advantages of the Integrated IS-IS protocol include the capability to forward both IP and O..
You can use RIP to exchange customer routing information between the CE and PE routers at each site. The advantage to doing this is that any customer routes at one site can be automatically propagated to other customer sites. This requires a normal RIP configuration on the CE router: Router-CE-A2#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router-CE-A2(config)#router rip Router-CE-A2(config-router)#version 2 Router-CE-A2(config-r..
