Converged Steady-State Operation

Example 8-1 shows a few details of R1’s operation while all interfaces in Figure 8-1 are up and working. The example lists the basic (and identical) RIP configuration on all four routers; configuration will be covered in more detail later in the chapter. As configured, all four routers are using only RIPv2, on all interfaces shown in Figure 8-1. Read the comments in Example 8-1 for explanations of the output. Example 8-1 Steady-State RIP Operation in Figure 8-1 NOTE Th..

VPN Routing and Forwarding Tables

The overlapping addresses, usually resulting from usage of private IP addresses in customer networks, are one of the major obstacles to successful deployment of peer-to-peer VPN implementations. The MPLS/VPN technology provides an elegant solution to the dilemma: Each VPN has its own routing and forwarding table in the router, so any customer or site that belongs to that VPN is provided access only to the set of routes contained within that table. Any PE-router in an MPLS/VPN..

Routing Protocol Administrative Distance

The previous sections in this chapter provide a high-level overview of IP routing protocols from the perspectives of design, architecture, and operation. The section discusses briefly generic implementation-related issues that impact operation of these protocols on Cisco routers. Details of operation and configuration of each protocol are covered in the protocol-specific chapters. Cisco IOS Software provides common command resources for configuring and enabling the capabilit..

IGMPv1 Host Membership Report Functions

Hosts use IGMPv1 Host Membership Report message to reply to IGMP Queries and inform the router(s) of their desire to receive multicasts. Multicast hosts use IGMPv1 Host Membership Report messages to communicate to a local router for which multicast groups they want to receive traffic. In IGMPv1, a host sends an IGMPv1 Host Membership Report under the following two conditions: ■ When a host receives an IGMPv1 Query from a local router, it is supposed to send an IGMPv1 Hos..

QoS Requirements of the Control Plane

Unless the network is up, QoS is irrelevant. Therefore, it is critical to provision QoS for control-plane traffic, which includes IP routing traffic and network management. IP Routing When addressing the QoS needs of IP routing traffic, the following guidelines are recommended: •    IP routing traffic should be marked to DSCP CS6; this is default behavior on Cisco IOS platforms. •    Interior gateway protocols usually adequately are protec..