Dense and Sparse Multicast Routing Protocols
Multicast routing protocols are also described as either sparse or dense. A dense multicast routing protocol assumes that all hosts on all links are interested in the traffic and so floods multicasts out all paths, only to have some paths ask not to receive the traffic. This could succinctly be described as "bush out, prune back." Sparse multicast routing protocols assume that no one wants the traffic until they ask for it. Dense-mode protocols work better in LA..
MPLS/VPN Architecture Overview
Virtual private networks (VPNs) have evolved using two major VPN models: overlay VPN and peer-to-peer VPN. The overlay VPN model, most commonly used in a service provider network, dictates that the design and provisioning of virtual circuits across the backbone must be complete prior to any traffic flow. In the case of an IP network, this means that even though the underlying technology is connectionless, it requires a connection-oriented approach to provision the service. F..
External LSA (Link-State Type 5)
External LSA describes destinations outside the OSPF domain. A route received via another routing protocol and redistributed into OSPF is considered external to OSPF. Any destination that is not originated by the local OSPF process is also considered external. Refer to Figure 9-14. Router R7 redistributes 140.10.0.0 into OSPF; 140.10.0.0 was not originated by the local OSPF process. In Figure 9-17, R7's link-state ID field is set to the external destination adve..
Configuring Dual-Rate Policing
Dual-rate CB Policing requires the same MQC commands, but with slightly different syntax on the police command, as shown here: police {cir cir} [bc conform-burst] {pir pir} [be peak-burst][conform-action action [exceed-action action [violate-action action]]] Note that the syntax of this command requires configuration of both the CIR and a PIR because the curly brackets mean that the parameter is required. The command includes a place to set the Bc value and the Be value as w..
Use the ntp logging command to enable the logging of NTP events: Router2#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router2(config)#ntp logging Router2(config)#end Router2# Starting in IOS Version 12.3(7)T, Cisco added the NTP logging feature. By implementing this feature, the router will log significant NTP events such as peer loss, peer reachability, and clock synchronization events. To view the NTP logging events on the router..
