Potential ISP Bottlenecks and Subscription Ratios
The provider's network is only as strong as its weakest link. There are two potential ISP bottlenecks: oversubscription of backbone trunks and small tail circuits leading to a POP or downstream customer. A provider should not recklessly oversubscribe its connections. ISPs that attempt to save money by overloading their routers or connections will end up losing credibility in the long run. Oversubscription occurs when the cumulative utilization of multiple links exceeds the b..
The show clns interface Command
Misconfiguration of the interface can result in the inability to create adjacencies. Typically, the error is a simple mismatch of parameters, which can be seen by using the show clns interface command. Router# show clns interface [type number] In Example 10-10, Frame Relay is configured with point-to-point links. The circuit ID shows the system ID of a router, rather than a pseudonode. The octet following the system ID indicates whether this ID is a pseudonode r..
RSVP is a soft-state signaling system that enables receivers to reserve resources for incoming traffic flows. Flows are identified by destination address and the transport-layer protocol, and are, therefore, unidirectional. The destination address can be a multicast group address; therefore, from an RSVP perspective, unicast flows are simply a special case of multicast. More specifically, in the unicast case, it is not necessary for a host to join a group prior to reserving r..
QoS is disabled by default; however, the radio interface always honors tagged 802.1P packets even when you haven't configured a QoS policy. QoS can be configured through either the Cisco IOS (MQC) CLI or the web-interface configuration utility provided by the AP software. The Cisco IOS MQC CLI provides a very familiar syntax for QoS configuration on Cisco APs. In Example 11-2, DSCP EF is mapped to IEEE 802.1D CoS 6 (the IEEE definition for voice CoS) and is applied to the IE..
How Frame Relay Traffic Shaping Works
This section discusses how Frame Relay Traffic Shaping generally works. Figure 5-2 illustrates a flow diagram of a packet arriving on an interface of a router that has Frame Relay Traffic Shaping enabled on the packet's outgoing interface. Figure 5-2. Flow Diagram of Packet with Frame Relay Traffic Shaping An incoming packet that enters an interface of a router can be fast switched or process switched. Process Switching Process switching is a "process-oriented" swi..
